Ethics in the journalism Essay

Ethics in the journalism sector is not a new issue of debate. Journalism ethics has been described as â€Å"a dysfunctional ethical discourse† by Iggers (as cited by Mccabe, 1999). The role of media is always very important in manufacturing the consent of people and develops a view regarding any particular issue. However the way news is collected, compiled and presented is always a question of debate. Citizens get the information regarding the social problems. The media has the capacity to bring the change. The traditional media is based on the maturity of the information, published news and different other subjects. Media has moved from its traditional role of observer to the change agent within the society (Mccabe, 1999, p. 199). The role of technology in media presentation has been very crucial in the recent past. The information is available easily on the website. â€Å"The Internet blurs traditional categories like â€Å"professional† versus â€Å"amateur,† â€Å"published† versus â€Å"unpublished,† and â€Å"public† versus â€Å"private. Existing rules for the ethical conduct of human subjects research that rely on these categories are thus difficult to extend to this new medium. † (Bruckman, n. d. ) Information available on the various websites makes it convenient and handy. However, the reliability of information available at this source is questionable. The referencing of the sources from which information has been obtained and how the credit has been given is always important in order to maintain the ethical standards of the journalism in this internet age.

Divided Thesis Essay

This year for school I have some goals that I would like to accomplish. As I am coming along to be a senior I have high expectations for myself. My three main goals for myself are to be on high honor roll, to be on varsity volleyball with a better attitude, and lastly be the first in my family in three generations to graduate from high school. Being on high honor roll for me would be really great because I have been on honor roll all my life but I have only been on high honor roll two or three times.With me only going to four classes it should not be to difficult to acquire a four point grade point average. I am capable of doing this but it is going to take work and in order for me to get some scholarships and financial aid for college I need those good grades. The second goal I would like to accomplish is playing varsity volleyball with a better attitude. I go to Jefferson High School and we do not have the best athletic programs so I get frustrated easily with how things are ran an d how my school deals with problems.Having a better attitude about playing on a team with girls that I love should be better than moping about loosing every game. After you loose three games you get down on yourself and it would make it a lot better for the team to stay positive. The last goal for my senior year is to graduate. If I graduate I will be the first one from my mom and dad to my great grandmother and grandfather to graduate high school.Yes I have had uncles graduate but I am the fourth generation and I need to graduate not only for my family but for me to go to college and further my education and better my life. Since I am the first to graduate in so many years I have a lot of responsibilities to under go during this year. These are goals that I should be able to accomplish and they are going to be done for me and my family to better my future and provide me with good options in life.

Capital Account Convertibility Essay Example for Free

Capital Account Convertibility Essay Capital Account Convertibility. Should India adopt full convertibility? Capital Account Convertibility-or a floating exchange rate-is a feature of a nation’s financial regime that centers around the ability to conduct transactions of local financial assets into foreign financial assets freely and at market determined exchange rates. It is sometimes referred to as Capital Asset Liberation or CAC. CAC is mostly a guideline to changes of ownership in foreign or domestic financial assets and liabilities. Tangentially, it covers and extends the framework of the creation and liquidation of laims on, or by the rest of the world, on local asset and currency markets. Current account convertibility allows free inflows and outflows for all purposes other than for capital purposes such as investments and loans. In other words, it allows residents to make and receive trade-related payments receive dollars (or any other foreign currency) for export of goods and services and pay dollars for import of goods and services, make sundry remittances, access foreign currency for travel, studies abroad, medical treatment and gifts, etc. Capital account convertibility is considered to be one of the major features of a developed economy. It helps attract foreign investment. It offers foreign investors a lot of comfort as they can re-convert local currency into foreign currency anytime they want to and take their money away. At the same time, capital account convertibility makes it easier for domestic companies to tap foreign markets. At the moment, India has current account convertibility. This means one can import and export goods or receive or make payments for services rendered. However, investments and borrowings are restricted. But economists say that Jumping into capital account convertibility game without considering the downside of the step could harm the economy. The East Asian economic crisis is cited as an example by those opposed to capital account convertibility. Even the World Bank has said that embracing capital account convertibility without adequate preparation could be catastrophic. But India is now on firm ground given its strong financial sector reform and fiscal consolidation, and can now slowly but steadily move towards fuller capital account convertibility. CAC has 5 basic statements designed as points of All types of liquid capital assets must be able to be exchanged freely, between any two nations, with standardized exchange rates. The amounts must be a significant mount (in excess of $500,000). Capital inflows should be invested in semi-liquid assets, to prevent churning and excessive outflow. Institutional investors should not use CAC to manipulate fiscal policy or exchange rates. Excessive inflows and outflows should be buffered by national banks to provide collateral. Prior to its implementation, foreign investment was hindered by uneven exchange rates due to transactions, and national banks were disassociated from fiscal exchange policy and incurred high costs in supplying hard-currency loans for those few local companies that wished to do business abroad. Due to the low exchange rates and lower costs associated with Third World nations, this was expected to spur domestic capital, which would lead to welfare gains, and in turn lead to higher GDP growth. The tradeoff for such growth was seen as a lack of sustainable internal GNP growth and a decrease in domestic capital investments. When CAC is used with the proper restraints, this is exactly what happens. The entire outsourcing movement with Jobs and factories going oversees is a direct result of the foreign investment aspect of CAC. The Tarapore Committee’s recommendation of tying liquid assets to static assets (i. e. investing in long term government bonds, etc) was seen by many economists as directly responsible for stabilizing the idea of capital account liberalization. The Reserve Bank of India has appointed a committee to set out the framework for fuller Capital Account Convertibility. The Committee, chaired by former RBI governor S S Tarapore, was set up by the Reserve Bank of India in consultation with the Government of India to revisit the subject of fuller capital account convertibility in the context of the progress in economic reforms, the stability of the external and financial sectors, accelerated growth and global integration. Economists Surjit S Bhalla, M G Bhide, R H Patil, A V RaJwade and Alit Ranade were the members of the Committee. The Reserve Bank of India has also constituted an internal task force to re-examine the extant regulations and make recommendations to remove the operational impediments in the path of liberalisation already in place. The task force will make its recommendations on an ongoing basis and the processes are expected to be completed by December 4, 2006. The Task Force has been set up following a recommendation of the Committee. The Task Force will be convened by Salim Gangadharan, chief general manager, in- harge, foreign exchange department, Reserve Bank of India, and will have the following terms of reference: Undertake a review of the extant regulations that straddle current and capital accounts, especially items in one account that have implication for the other account, and iron out inconsistencies in such regulations. Examine existing repatriation/ surrender requirements in the context of current account convertibility and management of capital account. Identify areas where streamlining and simplification of procedure is possible and remove the operational impediments, especially in espect of the ease with which transactions at the level of authorized entities are regulations are consistent with regulatory intent. Review the delegation of powers on foreign exchange regulations between Central Office and Regional offices of the RBI and examine, selectively, the efficacy in the functioning of the delegation of powers by RBI to Authorised Dealers (banks). Consider any other matter of relevance to the above. The Task Force is empowered to devise its work procedure, constitute working groups in various areas, co-opt permanent/special invitees and meet various trade ssociations, representative bodies or individuals to facilitate its work. Capital Account Convertibility. (2018, Oct 17).

Back Pain Disability Treatment Research Proposal

Back Pain Disability Treatment - Research Proposal Example The title is concise in that it provides information in brief. From the title, there can be idea of the objective, but no idea about the content is available. However, the proposer clearly indicates the research approach used, which is randomised controlled trial. All studies can be categorized as experimental, quasi-experimental/pre-experimental, or non-experimental in design. From the title it appears that the researcher wants to design an experimental study with the purpose of determining the clinical outcomes of physiotherapy and related patient preferences for treatment of back pain. This is a clinical trial, and these studies are designed to determine whether the hypothesised clinical intervention will be effective. In this case, the trial was conceived since in mechanical back pain, surgery is never offered as an option of treatment. This trial was proposed with the purpose of comparing two treatment strategies, namely, physiotherapy for back pain chosen by patients and physiotherapy for back pain offered by the physiotherapist in alleviating back pain of the patients. If one goes back to examine the title again, this comparison through randomised controlled trial is not explicit in the title, so there is an obvious confusion on the ai m, purpose, and objective of the study. This study has been proposed to be done in a single physiotherapy department, and therefore this is not a multicentric trial. This reduces the authenticity of the findings in terms of internal and external validity. As a result the reliability will be compromised, and hence evidently there would be lack of generalisability of the outcomes. Thus, applications of the findings in the clinical practice would be severely limited even through the study is able to generate some valid results (Rumoren and Sunday, 2006). Brief Synopsis of the Project Low back pain is a problem with considerable disability with direct cost implications in terms of NHS resource utilisation. Due to its common occurrence, many patients present to GP and utilise other health and social care resources. It is also an important cause of disability, and thus there are implications of work hour losses. From the NHS point of view, low back pain has been demonstrated to represent both public and private costs. Other than the conventional treatment modalities, it is now known that prompt physiotherapy is an acceptable service for these patients. For the physiotherapists, the problem remains which could be the best form of therapy, which the patients choose or what the physiotherapist advises. In many cases, low back pain has no associated organic problem, and thus recovery cannot be ascertained by any investigative objective means. Moreover, pain has a subjective element. Therefore assessment of recovery can be done with a validated instrument, and if this va lidated assessment instrument is used to compare the responses of two groups of patients with two different interventions, then a trial with randomisation and clinical control would be the best way to determine the intervention of choice in such cases. This part of discussion indicates that the proposer has chosen a clinical problem, the decisive plan of action on which is unknown. The clinical problem here is low back pain and the appropriate physiotherapeutic

Partnership like relationships exists between consumers and suppliers Essay

Partnership like relationships exists between consumers and suppliers and provides advantages such as greater quality - Essay Example Theoretical frameworks exist in abundant supply that try to delineate the advantages of close cooperation between partners in supply chain mechanisms. In practice however things are far more different as the specific attributes of such working relationships are not fully understood (Goffin, 2006). Overall there has been a move towards close cooperation based relationships though the actual realised benefits of such relationships is not fully established and is generally overestimated. The range of relationships between various entities in the supply chain domain varies from transactional type relationships to close and more collaborative relationships. Another issue of importance that needs clarification is the use of the term â€Å"partnership† that has been used to describe such relationships though there is no legal or other justification for using such a term. The use of the term â€Å"partnership† has caused confusion in respect of these relationships on a number o f fronts though three major reasons are more significant. These reasons are: Customer / supplier relationships are purely business relationships though they may be described as partnerships. However the use of the term does not indicate any legal privileges are inferred as in the case of a business partnership or alliance. This clearly demonstrates that customer / supplier partnerships do not carry any legal value and are instead purely voluntary in nature; Any partnership like relationships between supply chain entities are not absolute but are rather context dependent. The extent of closeness of the subject relationship determines the variations in such relationships and previous research supports such contentions (Ellram, 1991) (Saxton, 1997). It can be inferred from this that the particular degree of closeness in a relationship provides the necessary insight to explore such relationships although the degree of closeness is not absolute; Relationships based on the partnership mod el alone cannot attempt to explain the supplier side of relationships fully although this is universally assumed as such (Goffin, 2006). A large amount of material exists on the value of close customer and supplier relationships although this is not relevant to the issue at hand. Instead this text will focus more on why such close relationships are not performing as desired or expected using three different approaches. These approaches include: assessing the appropriateness of close relationships between customers and suppliers; creation of and sustainability of close relationships between customers and suppliers; contextual nature of close relationships between customers and suppliers. 1. Appropriateness The majority of literature on relationships between suppliers and customers has implied that close relationships are desirable though such literature has failed to provide due consideration to any contextual causes or to the effectiveness of such relationships. As an example a larg e amount of literature has concentrated on implying that manufacturers and their suppliers should have close relationships and have indicated that these relationships have evolved into partnerships over the last two decades. However such literature has failed to account for a few transactional relationships that not only exist but are also desirable. Similarly there has been talk of evolution of such relations

Present an argument for including 'intuition' as an important Essay

Present an argument for including 'intuition' as an important constituent of managerial competency - Essay Example d blueprints initiates the execution of decisions, usually very quickly, upon the source of an ‘unconscious reasoning’ mechanism which could have an emotional element, such as a ‘hunch’ (Mani, 1995, 365). On the other hand, management is becoming identified more and more as a way by which manager put into action and push in strategic change within organisations. Managing has been recognised as a fusion of creativity and intuition. In the context of strategic management intuition involves diverging from an arranged plan so as to speed up the execution of actions (Smith & Hitt, 2005). The objective of this study is to argue that intuition is important in modern management and effective strategies in training managers to become more intuitive. At present the different constructs that merge to elaborate on organisational management have been extended to comprise components of innovation, adaptation and firmness. Strategic management in the 1960s has been viewed by intellectuals as an organisational pathology, in the sense that it deviated from the conventional incremental course of action, and then put into practice (Thomas, 2007). Nonetheless, Weick was one of the pioneering supporters of strategic action, and the rising interest in and recognition of this facet of management has led to intuition being more broadly recognised as an ability that can help in corporate planning activities (Thomas, 2007). In the 1990s this progress has sped up in intensity, and given the necessity for more rapid cycle periods and more ground-breaking solutions and ideas to gain or maintain competitive leverage; these changes exhibit hardly any indications of subsiding (Nichols, 2006). The advancement toward managerially advocated intuitional activity seems to be influencing how organisations deal with both the manner in which work task is accomplished, and the manner in which it is controlled. Numerous organisations are encouraging employees to devote time and opportunity to

Company critical analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Company critical analysis - Research Paper Example Before devising strategies it is also important to evaluate organizational capabilities after which resources are integrated to enhance these capabilities. Strategic Management: Southwest Airlines The airline industry is one chocked by intense competition and need for constant changes in strategy to outdo competitors. However, the advantage lies in the fact that it is a growing industry as a result of growth in globalization and tourism expands. This notwithstanding each airline is struggling to capture as big market share as possible. The most competitive regions are Europe and North America with numerous airlines serving relatively small geographical areas. The United States airline industry has almost 100 carriers in both regional and major categories’ categories. The current airline industry is defined by a number of issues among them high oil prices, mergers, safety, flight delays and bankruptcies among others. It is therefore harder in the 21st century to run a sustainab le airline than it was in late 20th century (Belobaba, Odoni & Barnhart, 2009). In analyzing strategic management in this industry of choice Southwest Airlines will act as an example. ... An example of these is engagement in corporate social responsibility. Southwest begins this by ensuring that it has offered quarterly dividends to shareholders. It is important to note that it is the only airline to have a record of 33 consecutive years of profitability (Southwest, 2011). The airline offers one of the best working environments as well as salaries. It has the best customer service record as well. The airline has lured its customers into a charitable cause whereby Southwest donates a dollar each time a customer checks in for flights through Facebook. Industrial analysis in respect to Southwest brings into focus the Porter’s 5 Forces. Suppliers have a high bargaining power owing to the fact that Southwest uses only Boeing aircrafts. It is expensive to switch to another manufacturer i.e. Airbus since pilots and engineers will have to be retrained. Fuel costs keep fluctuating leading to high uncertainty and possible losses. Fast trains and boats are acting as subst itutes even over long distances (Grant, 2009). Video conferencing is also curtailing expansion in business travel. Bargaining power of buyers is moderate although airline customers are known to have low loyalty. There is a risk of new entrants especially from foreign carriers but it is unlikely that they will beat the low-cost low-fares strategy. Industrial rivalry is intense with delta, JetBlue, Northwest and others trying to adjust their strategies e.g. lowering ticket prices to align themselves to low-fares strategy. The key success factors of this airline include its market share, price competitiveness, brand awareness, customer service and financial position as indicated in the table below. Fig. 1 Critical Success Factors (Belobaba, Odoni & Barnhart, 2009) Southwest boasts of

Descartes And Letters Exchanged Between Elizabeth of Bohemia On the Essay

Descartes And Letters Exchanged Between Elizabeth of Bohemia On the Body-Mind Problem - Essay Example In this letter, she appears to suggest that the reason for her departure is the murder of Francois d’Espinay (who had courted not only mother but also her younger sister) by Phillipe (her brother) in broad daylight (Atherton 25). Ironically this act seems to have been carried out with Elizabeth’s knowledge. She tells Descartes that she will carry a draft of The Passions of the Soul treatise that he had given to her, but remarks that previously his presence had had provided the remedy to her passions, since both his reasoning and maxims had failed to do so. Letter II: Descartes to Elizabeth, September 1646. The response to Elizabeth commences with a reference to a correspondence they exchanged recently about Machiavelli’s The Prince; Elizabeth had asked him to read it. Descartes remarks that he has discovered in the Prince a lot of precepts which have been very good to him, but his major criticism is that Machiavelli has failed to provide a clear contrast between princes who have acquired power through illegitimate methods and those who have done so through just means. He says that the former are bereft of solid foundations, and the states they create will inevitably slip into tyranny (Descartes & Griffith 22). Descartes also criticizes Machiavelli’s arguments concerning the prince’s relations to enemies, the common people, allies and prominent personalities. He rebukes Machiavelli’s suggestions that people should feign friendship if that is what they have to do in order to satisfy the desires, stating that â€Å"friendship is something too sacred to abuse in this way†. Descartes also take issue with Machiavelli’s recommendation that the prince should sometimes feel free to dishonor promises (Descartes says this would ruin the prince’s reputation), and insists that the prince should steer clear of the people’s contempt and hatred. In an important passage for the interpretation by Regnault, Des cartes examines Machiavelli’s suggestion, in chapter 15, that because the world is corrupt, it is inevitable that one will self-destruct if he always wants to be a good man, and that when the occasion calls for it a prince must always prepare to be wicked so as to maintain and sustain oneself (Atherton 32). Descartes does not agree with this maxim, unless by a good man Machiavelli means a simple and superstitious man who does not wage war on the Sabbath, and whose conscience can remain clear only when if he changes his people’s religion. However, if by a good man we mean he who relies on his true reasoning for everything he does, then it is obvious that the best thing is to always try to be good. In response to Princess Elizabeth’s own dilemmas, Descartes simply recommends that she adopt and put into action those maxims which show that everybody’s felicity depends only on him/herself, and that it is very important to conduct oneself outside the rules and boundaries of fortune so that, while one fails to miss the opportunities to grab the advantages it offers, one does not make him/herself unhappy when it refuses to grant them. Considering that in all earthly affairs there are always reasons for and against, one should mainly focus on those that convince one to approve and sanction what happens (Peursen 28). Letter III: Elizabeth to Descartes, 10 October 1646. Now settled in Berlin, Elizabeth starts her letter by stating that the

Business career of Sam Walton Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business career of Sam Walton - Research Paper Example In the same year, Walton paid $25,000 to the owners of the Ben Franklin stores for the rights to franchise the store. According to Tedlow (2001) Walton was inexperienced at running a business and he did not know what to do with a variety store. In fact, the only experience Walton had was from working retail at J.C. Penny’s (Brooks, 2012). Walton had paid too much for the store and was also paying too much for rent. Both of these issues could have meant failure for Walton but he did not fail. The first step for him was to go to a two week training program that was provided for franchise owners. Next, he studied his competition that happened to be across the street from him, and he read retail publications (Tedlow, 2001). He soon learned how to run the business, learned all the rules, and then found ways to break the rules that did not make sense to him. Walton was inspired by what he learned in retail and wanted something bigger. He also wanted to provide more value for his customers. He decided it was time to open a larger store, which became the first Walmart (Walton, 2012). Walton had backers until he decided to cut prices, and his backers felt this was not a good idea. He started Walmart with his own funds (Brooks, 2012). One of the reasons that Walton was successful was because in the early days, he cared about his employees and his customers. He realized that if he had lower prices than his competitors, he would have satisfied customers. He also realized if he treated his employees well and taught them how to take care of the customers, he would have successful employees and customers (Walton, 2012). By 1967, Walton owned 24 stores and was making $12.7 million in sales (Duke, 2012). In 1969, Walton incorporated Walmart and by 1970 they went public (Duke, 2012). Walton attributed the success of Walmart to his employees who were the ones who worked directly with the customers (Walton, 2012). In 1971, Walton opened his

Thesis paper Outline Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paper Outline - Thesis Proposal Example As stated by Barner and Rosenwein, â€Å"[d]emocratic values are in essence participatory values. At the heart of democratic theory is the notion that people should get involved in the process of governing themselves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Barner & Rosenwein 1985, 59). Thus far, studies on performance appraisal in public organizations have been focused on fundamental issues such as the nature of these principles, their interpretation and significance, and their evolution and function over time. There has also been agreement among political theorists, such as Jurgen Habermas, on the essence of citizenship participation in democracy, and it has been asserted by Max Weber (as cited in Riccucci 2007) that theory should contribute more to the knowledge of how democratic principles like extensive participation or high involvement develop and evolve in highly industrialized nations, such as the United States. Nevertheless, it is important to mention here that its widespread implementation in the United States throughout the 1960’s and 1970’s was intended primarily to facilitate genuine democratic governance (Graham, Noe, & Branch 2006, 953). Practically, it was designed to promote involvement by minority groups and the poor that have been excluded from the governance and decision-making process. It is due to these issues raised above that the researcher is persuaded to study the relationship between the accountability of, transparency of, and quality of public services in performance-based organizations (PBOs) and citizenship participation in the performance appraisal of public personnel. Which features, if any, of PBOs’ processes are more vital for the enhancement of public personnel performance that reinforces democratic principles of greater citizenship participation? Addressing these questions appropriately may expand our understanding of the function of public organizations in democratic societies. As stated by Pateman, the theory of participatory democracy emphasizes the

The Role of God in the Lives of Bradford and the Puritans Essay Example for Free

The Role of God in the Lives of Bradford and the Puritans Essay A critical review of the history of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford will quickly reveal the main idea which the author intends for the readers. The idea is basically centered within the struggles of the puritans as well as their achievements, all of which were deeply propagated in their utmost belief in God as a sole provider. Thus, Bradford narrates these events with the aim of compelling future generations to align their values with those of the puritans. Consequently, the author believes that through his narrations the readers will come to terms with the supreme nature of God when it comes to helping anybody who is helplessly constrained by huge obstacles as long as the victim maintains his or her faith in God. In more expressive terms, the author points at the totality in which the puritans owed their life events to God as he writes. Being thus arrived in a good harbor and brought safe to land, they fell upon their knees and blessed the God of heaven, who had brought them over the vast and furious ocean, and delivered them from all the perils and miseries thereof, againe to set their feete on the firme and stable earth, their proper element. (30-31) In these words the author portrays the Puritans belief that it was God’s deed that brought about their safe arrival to Cape Harbor after a terrible storm and other stream of obstacles. To their belief, all the constraints they encountered were the will of God and the reason for these occurrences were best known to Him. Thus, God is the sole reason for several occurrences that effect people lives in different ways. The Puritans, as Bradford narrated, were always weary of the belief that not having total faith in God as well not being selfless can lead to God’s wrath and consequent punishment. It is with this regard that lead to the Puritans belief that God’s goodwill in sparing their lives was as a result of there selfless service to the ill while in the boat. Hence, those who cared for the ill were protected by God and their lives were spared. On the other hand, the sailors who played nonchalant attitude and thus did not care for the ill became ill themselves and consequently died of the ailment. These, according to the Puritans were all accountable to God’s will. In conclusion, the role of God in the life of the Puritans was that of total guardians in returns for an unquestionable faith in his will. Thus they were able to overcome many tough challenges on both land and sea. The author himself seems to be inclined to these views as he wrote. Let them therefore praise the Lord, because he is good, and his mercies endure for ever. Yea, let them which have been redeemed of the Lord, show how he hath delivered them from the hand of the oppressor. When they wandered in the deserte [and] willdernes out of the way, and found no citie to dwell in, both hungrie, and thirstie, their soul was overwhelmed in them (31). Cited Works Bradfords History Of Plimoth Plantation. Boston: Secretary of the Commonwealth. 1900

Calcutta University Essay Example for Free

Calcutta University Essay It is a great pleasure for one who engages oneself in writing a preface of this nature relating to a noble cause – cause of spreading education in a region suffering from many shortcomings in the field of higher education. North Bengal as a region is full of rich social systems with diversified cultural heritage and only through proper educational facilities can these sociocultural diversities be made known to other parts of this country. With this definite purpose in view, our University started imparting higher education through the Distance Education mode – a mode hitherto unpractised and untested. As the seat for higher learning in this vast region, is well aware of its social commitment – commitment to reach every nook and corner with the lamp of education. We believe and it is admitted that Universities and other Educational Institution should play the role of a catalyst for social change which is again dependent on large scale participation of the young people in the policy formulation process, may be directly or indirectly. In fact, with this end in view, the University decided and decided rightly, to open the door of higher education to the lakhs of young but aspiring people in this region. It is really heartening to note that the response the University has received and is receiving is simply overwhelming. It shows that the decision of offering education through Distance Education mode is not only justified but also relevant. Distance Education programme which is being carried through the Directorate of Distance Education, University of North Bengal cannot be successful without the support and cooperation from all sections of the population. Such an enterprise by University runs on a reciprocal basis – a reciprocity which can build a solid foundation in this respect. The University should be considered as a rallying point around which all the education loving people of different cross section of the society should come closer. The enterprise is loaded with ambition – the idea of making a brighter tomorrow. What is needed is the application of collective wisdom and in this respect, our region does not, in any way, lag behind. Sincere effort and dedication will ultimately win. Prof. Pradip Kumar Sengupta Director 5 6 TH E C O LLEG E STU D Y C EN TR ES Balurghat College Distance Education Centre P. O. Balurghat, Dt. Dakshin Dinajpur, PIN – 733 101 Co-ordinator Shri Purushottam Haldar, Department Of Chemistry Phone – (03522) 255392 (O)/ 257521 (R) Jalpaiguri A. C. College Distance Education Centre P. O. Dt. Jalpaiguri, PIN – 735 101 Co-ordinator Dr. Dhiraj Kumar Basak, Reader in Physics Phone – (03561) 255554 (O), 255861 (R) Kurseong College Distance Education Centre P. O. Kurseong, Dt. Darjeeling, PIN – 734 203 Co-ordinator Sri Rohit Sharma, Senior Lecturer in Commerce Phone – (0354)2344223(O), 2330196 (R). Malda College Distance Education Centre P.O. Dt. Malda, PIN – 732 101 Co-ordinator Md. Jafrullah, Selection Grade Lecturer in Accountancy Phone – (03512) 220807 (O), 250175 (R) Raiganj College (University College) Distance Education Centre P. O. Raiganj, Dt. Uttar Dinajpur, PIN – 733 134 Co-ordinator Dr. Chinmoy Basu, Reader in Physics Phone – (03523) 252564 (O), 253733 (R) Siliguri College Distance Education Centre P. O. Siliguri, Dt. Darjeeling, PIN – 734 401 Co-ordinator Prof. Mrinal Kanti Ghosh, Reader in Physics Phone – (0353) 2436590 (O), 2512770 (R) University B. T. Evening College Distance Education Centre P. O. Dt. Cooch Behar, PIN – 736 101 Co-ordinator Sri Aniruddha Burmon, Lecturer in English Phone – (03582) 222714 (O), 226729 (R) Dambar Singh Degree College, Gangtok, Sikkim Sri Suresh Chettri, Lecturer in -charge Phone- (03592) 281743 7 1. THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL : The University of North Bengal was established by an Act of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly in November 1962 and affiliated to the University Grants Commission under section 2(f) 12(B). It was assigned the mandate during the course of its establishment of providing teaching, training and research in various branches of advanced learning and promoting the dissemination of knowledge to fulfill growing socioeconomic and technical manpower needs in the six northern districts of West Bengal known as North Bengal and the neighbouring state of Sikkim. The campus occupies an area of about 330 acres, 9 km outside Siliguri Town, the gate way of North East India and Bagdogra Airport, the only Air Port in North Bengal in the Terai region of Darjeeling district. The University Act was revised under West Bengal Act of XXV of 1981 and it came into force with effect from September 16, 1981. The University has played a pioneering role since inception in spreading higher education and inculcating scientific attitudes within the predominantly rural areas that comprise its vast jurisdictional territory. Well over 36,000 undergraduate students and over 1500 postgraduate students and scholars now enroll at different courses under the formal system of the University during any given year. Besides the territory under its immediate jurisdiction, the University also gets students and scholars from adjoining areas in Bihar and the North Eastern states of the country, as also from SAARC countries like Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Several pioneering contributions made by researchers at the university have contributed to wider understanding of the special problems that confront the Eastern Himalayan and sub-Himalayan region and have provided practical inputs for current developmental interventions in the region. The University offers courses in various disciplines under the faculties of Arts, Commerce Law, Science and in Medicine through its 73 Under Graduate Colleges including Engineering, Pharmacy, Medicine, Dentistry, Management and 21 Post Graduate Departments and 12 Centres. A part from the traditional programmes, the University has played a pioneering role in launching various professional job-related courses to help students interested in acquiring special skills to enhance their learning and earning capabilities. Besides the University is also offering various courses under the Distance Education mode to cater to the needs of further education of thousands of deserving students, particularly in remote areas through its Directorate of Distance Education. 2. THE DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION : The Directorate of Distance Education of the University of North Bengal was established in the year 2000 by a decision of the Executive Council of the University. It has introduced M. A. / M. Sc. / Bridge Courses in Bengali, 8 English, Nepali, History, Political Science, Philosophy and Mathematics under the Distance Education mode. It has also introduced B. A. (General) course at the Under Graduate level under the same mode. So far the Directorate has developed College Study Centres (see section 5 for details) in any one of which a candidate can pursue distance learning according to his/ her convenience. 3. OBJECTIVES OF THE DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSES : The main objective of the Distance Education is to widen the base of higher education among students who do not get opportunities to avail such education in the formal sector through admission as regular students in a University. Distance Learning or teaching through Distance Education courses is now a popular mode. It is recognized as an effective method of instruction in all advanced countries of the world. In the fast developing socio-economic milieu of today, educational facilities need constant refurbishing and augmentation. It is now acknowledged by the academics of all shades that it is learning, which is important, and not the channel or the process through which one gets enrolled for education. The educational system in India has been transforming from time to time taking into consideration the socio- political needs and economic conditions of the society. Although the contribution to several of branches of learning by the conventional educational system cannot be underestimated, the fact remains that education through the formal mode is accessible only to a few. The distance or open educational system has become an alternative mode of imparting instruction and has been meeting the demand for education of millions of people at different levels. It is an effort not only to solve the problem of over crowding in our educational institutions but also to equip the community with tools and skills to gain professional competence. However, every system has its own limitations and similarly every branch of study can not be opened through its system. Realizing the importance of the system the University of North Bengal has opened up its gate to this system of study to selected branches of disciplines at the PostGraduate level only at the initial stage. Later on it has introduced the same at Under-Graduate level within the given constraints. It may be noted that the Government of West Bengal has issued Order/ Notifications to the effect that Degrees obtained through Distance Education/ Correspondence modes shall be treated on a par with those in the formal/regular modes. The University Grants Commission has also recognized this course on a par with regular courses. 4. ELIGIBILITY FOR ENROLMENT: B. A. (General) : Any person having passed Higher Secondary (10+2) or equivalent examination from any recognized Board/ Council of Higher Education are eligible for enrolment provided he/she has obtained qualifying marks in each of minimum five subjects. The enrolled students shall be eligible to appear at the Part I/ II examination in the year corresponding to the regular students. A candidate securing at least 30% marks at the B. A. Part -I examination in each subject and in the aggregate 9 shall be eligible to appear at the B. A. Part-ll examination. Elective subjects to be offered other than compulsory subjects at the B. A. (General) course are Bengali, English, Nepali, Political Science, History, Sociology, Education and Philosophy. Bridge Course: Any graduate in the B. A. / B. Sc. (pass) (10+2+2 Pattern) from any recognized University is eligible for enrolment to this course provided that anyone of the subjects mentioned below must have been studied in the graduation level as an elective subject. Subjects: Bengali, English, Nepali, Political Science, History, Philosophy Mathematics. B. A. / B. Sc. (Honours) graduates (10+2+3 pattern/ equivalent) who have not studied any of those subjects as an elective subject in the third year but only in previous years are also eligible for enrolment. Duration of the course is one year. A candidate securing at least 34% marks shall be eligible for enrolment at the Post-Graduate Part – I on that subject under Distance Education mode. 5. ENROLMENT SCHEDULE : Candidates are required to submit the Application form for enrolment at the Directorate in the prescribed application form either in person or by post along with prescribed fee in cash in the University cash counter/ S. B. I. NBU Campus Branch counter or demand draft drawn in favour of the University of North Bengal on S. B. I, N. B. U. Campus Branch. Besides, candidates may also submit the Application form for enrolment along with prescribed fee through a crossed demand draft drawn in favour of the University of North Bengal payable at S. B. I, N. B. U. Campus Branch at N. B. U. Calcutta Camp Office, S-2/ 1, flat No. 1, Sector III, Block – FC, Shrabani Abashan, Salt Lake, Kolkata – 700 091 and the following colleges : Balurghat College, Malda College, Raiganj College (University College), Siliguri College, Kurseong College, Ananda Chandra College, Jalpaiguri a University B. T and Evening College, Coochbehar and Dambar Singh Degree College, Gangtok. Prescribed Application Form and Prospectus will also be available in these colleges and N. B. U. Calcutta Camp Office on payment of price of application Form and Prospectus through a crossed demand draft following the procedure mentioned earlier. 6. FEE STRUCTURE (IN RS. ) : Particulars B. A. Part -I 200 3,000 500 50 150 – 200 B. A. Part II 200 2,000 500 – 150 150 – Bridge Course 200 2,500 500 50 150 – 200 Enro1rolment Fee Cost of Study Material Examination Fee Identity Card Centre Fee Diploma Fee Registration Fee* 10 Late Fee Other Fees Examination reappearance Fee Defaulters Fee for not completing students sheets (assignment) Response 100 100 100 500 500 500 500 500 500 *For students other than North Bengal University. All fees shall be payable in one installment at the time of enrolment. Additional fees (if applicable) are to be paid at the time of filling up of the examination forms. Note : In cases where application forms are downloaded from University’s Website, the candtdate have to deposit Rs. 200/- in cash or through Bank Draft as fee for application and prospectus. 7. MODE OF PAYMENT : All payments should be made through a crossed Demand Draft drawn in favour of the University of North Bengal payable at State Bank of India, N. B. U. Campus Branch. Payments may also be paid in cash in the Cash Counter of the University Finance Branch and State Bank of India, N. B.U. Campus Branch. 8. MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION : Study materials will be supplied to the students either in Bengali or English at their choice mentioned in the application form for enrolment but one can write both in Bengali, English or Nepali on his/her answer papers in the examinations and also on assignment sheets, subject to the condition that only one particular language shall be used during examination. 9. SYLLABUS : The syllabi to be followed in the B. A. (General) course under Distance Education mode shall be similar to the regular B. A. (General) courses in the subjects concerned. For Bridge courses, the syllabi will be supplied to the enrolled students. Qualifying marks for appearing/taking the B. A. (General) part II examination are similar to that of the regular students. A candidate is required to complete the course in maximum four academic years from the date of joining to this course. Those who will not be able to complete the course within four years shall have to re-register as fresh candidates. 11 10. METHOD OF INSTRUCTION : Study Material : Instruction/Course Materials for each paper will normally be available from the college Study Centres as per choice of the students. Enrolment cards of the students will be dispatched to the students by post. Those intending to collect enrolment cards in person may collect the same from the Directorate of Distance Education. Assignments: There shall be assignments for every paper both for Part – I Part – II examinations carrying 15% marks. Candidates shall be required to complete the respective assignments and send it to the competent authority by post or in person within the stipulated time. There shall be two periodic assignments for each paper, the best of which in terms of marks shall be counted. The same is applicable for Bridge Course students. Personal Contact Programmes (PCP) : Personal Contact Programmes (PCP) to be organized in the colleges mentioned in item 5 or elsewhere within North Bengal will involve interaction with the teachers/counsellors. Duration of Personal Contact Programmes will normally be 8 – 10 days each for B. A. (General) Part – I, Part – II Bridge Course. PCPs may be organized in College Study Centres other than that where a candidate has taken admission in cases whose subject wise clusters of Colleges have been made due to insuffiency of students in a subject at a College Study Centre. Personal Contact Programmes shall be compulsory for a candidate for appearance at a University examination. 11. EXAMINATIONS: Examination Forms for all the courses shall be sent to the concerned students with all relevant information well in advance from the Controller of Examinations. The students shall have to fill the Examination Form as per given instructions and send the same to the university along with the Demand Draft of all fees by Registered Post so as to reach the University before the specified date. Admit Cards shall be issued to the candidates along with the  programme schedule well in advance of commencement of the examinations. 12. SCHEME OF EXAMINATION: B. A. (General) Part –I and Part – II Examinations will be held at the end of second year and third year respectively. Examination for Bridge Courses in Bengali, Nepali, English, History, Political Science, Philosophy, Mathematics will be held at the end of the course (one-year). 12 13. AWARD OF CLASS/ DIVISION : Students will be awarded Class/ Division as per rules of the University applicable for the Regular Courses. 14. RULES FOR REGISTRATION/ MIGRATION CERTIFICATE : The candidates who have obtained their Graduate/ Post graduate Degrees of North Bengal University and have not migrated to any other University will be required to mention the Registration Number along with the session. Candidates who are from outside North Bengal University shall be required to submit Migration Certificate in Original at the time of enrolment. Otherwise the enrolment shall remain as provisional upto two months, after which the Directorate of Distance Education reserves the right to cancel the enrolment without any financial liability on its part. 15. ENROLMENT/ROLL NUMBER : Every candidate who is admitted to the Directorate shall be assigned an Enrolment/ Roll No. which shall be valid during the entire period of the course when he/ she continues to be a student of the Directorate of Distance Education. In all communications addressed to the Directorate, the student must mention his/ her Enrolment/ Roll No. in full. Correspondence without the Enrolment no. will entail delays and difficulties both to the Directorate and the students and at times the office may not be in position to respond. 16. IDENTITY CARD : The Directorate shall supply each candidate an Identity Card. The blank Identity Card sent with Prospectus containing the Application Form must be filled up properly. The particulars may be attested by a College/ University Teacher/ Officer. The Identity Card must be preserved till completion of the course. This Card must be produced whenever required by the authorities and at the time of Personal Contact Programme (PCP), University examination and other purposes. The candidate shall be responsible for the safe-keeping of the I. D.  card ,the loss of which must be reported to the local police station before a duplicate card will be issued. A mutilated card must be replaced by paying requisite fees. 17. DOCUMENTS TO BE ATTACHED WITH THE APPLICATION FORM FOR ADMISSION : The following documents must be attached with the Application Form and any lapse in this connection may result in the delay in finalization of the admission process: 13 a) Prescribed fees by Demand Draft in favour of North Bengal University payable at State Bank of India, North Bengal University Campus Branch. b) Original proof for date of Birth i. e. Admit Card/ Certificate (M. P. / H. S. or equivalent), Marksheets, University Registration Certificate, other testimonials (to be returned on the same date) and attested copies of them is to be submitted. Original documents will be returned by post after the admission to the students who apply by post. The same can also be collected in person. c) Migration Certificate in original from the University studied (if applicable). The Migration Certificate shall not be returned. d) Recent stamp size photographs of the candidates (not to be attested) are to be pasted on the application form and on the Identity Card. 18. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS : a) If a candidate desires to obtain Migration Certificate from the Directorate of Distance Education by discontinuation of study, all the prescribed fees including those for the Part – II course shall have to be paid. There shall not be any fee concession to any category of students. Fee once paid by the candidate will neither be refunded nor adjusted. b) Candidates are not eligible for concessional Bus Fare Bus). (University c) If any of the dates mentioned in the Notification/ Circular etc. happen to be a holiday/ bandh, the relevant documents shall be accepted on the next working day. d) At the backside of the Demand Draft all particulars of the candidate must be provided. 19. CONTACT ADDRESS : All correspondences should be addressed to – The Director Directorate of Distance Education University of North Bengal Raja Rammohunpur P. O. North Bengal University Dt. Darjeeling, PIN – 734 430 West Bengal, India Phone : (0353) 2582116/ 2582117/ 2582218 Fax : 0353 2581546 Visit us at http//dddnbu. tripod. com E-mail:[emailprotected] com 14 NBU Kolkata Camp Office: S-2/1, Sector 3, Block FC, Shrabani Abasan, Salt Lake, Kolkata-91. Ph. No. (033) 23371836. 15 16.

Poverty and Educational Achievement | Literature Review

Poverty and Educational Achievement | Literature Review This assignment will review the paper written by Anne West ( 2007) entitled Poverty and educational achievement: why do children from low income families tend to do less well at school? The assignment will identify the key elements in the research and discuss the research methods used. The authors conclusion will also be discussed. West (2007) claims that the evidence which she has found while researching the links between poverty and educational achievement suggests that poverty alone is not the only reason for low academic achievement. West argues that other factors, outside of school, including the family environment, have a greater influence on a childs educational achievement. West researched many articles in her quest to prove that low educational achievement is linked to poverty. However, the research was not committed to using poverty as the only source. Others factors were included such as income, social class and socio-economic status. In attempting to find an explanation for the differences in educational achievement between children from low and high income families west examined pre-school, school, family and parental involvement. The majority of the research used to support wests argument is quantitative. She has taken data from institutions such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD) and DfES. The OECD through PISA gathers data from 15 year olds in schools across the world in reading, maths and science. The quantitative data shows large differences in academic ability between pupils whose socio-economic status differed. However, a factor which seemed to greatly affect this outcome was the way in which some countries, such as Belgium Germany and Hungary, divided and separated pupils according to ability. These countries had a far greater gap than countries with a comprehensive system of educating children such as Finland and Iceland (OECD, 2001 cited in West 2007) West argues that the quantitative data gathered by the DfES ( 2007, cited in West, 2007) provides clear evidence that poverty and educational achievement are closely associated. The data showed that children who took advantage of free school meals (those from low income families) were less likely to reach the expected level in national tests than those from higher income families (48% low income 77% higher income). West also includes reference to a key study by Gershoff et al (2007, cited in West, 2007). The Gershoff et al analysis of THE US Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS) suggests that children from higher earning families have better cognitive skills because their parents spent more money on educationally enhancing resources such as books and outings. These findings appear to be supported by a study from George et al ( 2007, cited in West, 2007) which indicates that 3 year olds from low income families have much poorer expressive language skills than children of the same age from higher income families. In wests discussion she suggests that that there are many reasons why children from poorer families do less well educationally than their wealthier peers. These reasons include family life and financial resources. However, it can be argued that the link to a poor family life and less financial resources are actually due to the lack of money which leads back to poverty being the reason behind low educational achievement. West discusses the many reasons she feels that children from poorer families do not achieve well at school. These include pre-school provision, or the lack of it, and early years education. West includes the provisions which the government have put in place in an attempt to lessen the gap in attainment levels between rich and poor, such as sure start centres and early years provisions. Although these schemes may be of benefit to many they could be seen to exclude those people most in need. This could include families who live in rural areas who do not have the financial resources to take public transport or run their own vehicle which would allow their children to attend the schemes offered. Parents may suffer from depression or have a disability which would make it either difficult to ensure their child could attend or difficulties in physically getting their child to the school. Therefore it could be argued that the children from low income families are at a disadvantage from an early age even when positive steps are put in place in an attempt to improve their educational outcomes. It may be the case that the children for whom these provisions would most benefit are the least likely to be able to attend for various family, medical and financial reasons. Therefore, it could be argued that the government should take further steps to ensure attendance. This could include, for example, chaperoned mini-buses to collect children from their homes and return them when the session has finished. West concludes that family involvement is a major factor in lessening the achievement gap; however she also states the many obstacles that stand in the way of family involvement, especially those from low income families. Parents are often unable to help their children as they were also classed as being low educational achievers, they may work unsociable or long hours and many do not like the fact that their private, family life is, in a way, being invaded. West also suggests that financial and material resources are a significant factor in lessening the achievement gap. It could be argued that west is actually stating the obvious as the whole paper is actually pointing to the fact that poverty is the main cause of educational under achievement with all of the other factors interlinked. West indicates that the government focuses its policies on schools in an attempt to lessen the gap. However, she suggests that the money would be better spent on helping to raise the income levels of less well off families. Word count 979 References DfES. (2007). National Curriculum Assessments, GCSE and equivalent attainment and post 16 attainment by pupil characteristics in England 2005/06(Revised) Statistical first release 08/2005. London: DfES. George, A., Hansen, K., Schoon, I. (2007). Millenium Cohort Study: Cognitive Development, Briefing 1. London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Institute of Education. Gershoff, G. T., Aber, J. L., Raver, C. C., Lennon, M. C. (2007). Income is not enough:incorporating material hardship into models of income associations with parenting and child development. Child Development , 78 (1), 70-95. OECD. (2001). Knowledge and skills for life: first results from OECD Programme for International Student Assessment 2000. Paris: OECD. West, A. (2007). Poverty and educational achievement: why do children from low income families tend to do less well at school? Benefits: The Journal of Poverty and Social Justice , 15 (3), 283-297.

Influential Composers Of The Late 20th Century Essay -- Music Musical

Influential Composers Of The Late 20th Century Composers’ techniques matured throughout the 20th century, as did listeners’ ears.Thus, it becomes progressively harder to pinpoint influential musicians.One must distinguish between those simply continuing the modern tradition, and those truly breaking barriers. Robert Dick, dubbed â€Å"Hendrix of the flute† is one obvious boundary-breaker. (Dick)Born in New York City, Dick’s studies at the School for Music and Art were supplemented by lessons with acclaimed flutists Henry Zlotnik and Julius Baker.He attended Yale, receiving a B.A. in 1971 and a composition Master’s in 1973. Dick’s most notable contribution to music is his revolution of the flute.He realized the flute’s limited color palette and one-note-at-a-time capability was incompatible with â€Å"an environment where the pace of change is accelerating†¦The flute sound of the future will be yet more powerful and colorful†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dick).Inspired by world music, jazz, rock, and electronic music, Dick made accessible the colorful extended technique spectrum: jet whistles, harmonics, throat tuning, multiphonics, whisper tones, circular breathing.Dick did not INVENT all these techniques.(Circular breathing has been a long-established tradition—especially for Bulgarian kaval flutes and Rajasthan’s Narh flutes).But, it is through Dick’s advocacy that these techniques are becoming accepted practice.His tutorial method books have been hailed â€Å"the definitive instructor† (Dick). Circular Breathing for the Flutist provides detailed analysis of the technique, visual aids, and step-by-step instruction that focuses on developing correct embouchure before applying more detailed coordination.After only 6 months of daily 10-15 minute practice, f... ...t to his/her time.Rent, the modern version of Puccini’s La Boehme, unabashedly brings hush-hush issues of AIDS, drug addiction, and homosexual relationships to the forefront, without alienating audiences.He juxtaposes poignant melodies and clear harmonies with jarring subject matter and explosive characters that choose to revel in love, pain, and survival.Larson’s contribution shows that being artistically cultured does not mean ignoring reality. Of the three New Yorkers mentioned, Copland was most influential.Without his pioneering music in the early half of the century, American music might never have established its own flavor.Without his advocacy of advancement in the second half of the century, techniques such as Robert Dick’s or Jonathan Larson’s might not have had such a strong base on which to be established nor been accepted by ever-maturing audiences.

slavery in 18th century Essays -- Slavery Essays

slavery in 18th century Despite the horror of the word slavery we have to admit that slaves have played a big role in rising big empires. For example the Egyptians used slaves to build their majestic pyramids, the Chinese and Indian used slaves for large-scale construction and agricultural and the Hebrews also used slaves. Slaves were brought from Africa to the British American colonies to work in agriculture and farming, which among other factors made the British colonies in America become so strong and prosperous. The slaves of the British American colonies were mainly from African west coast. It is important to note that slavery was present in African communities long before white traders sent African slaves to Europe and America. Slaves in Africa were those tribal people captured in confrontations between tribes and sold to Arab traders. The first traders to introduce slaves to the American colonies were the Portuguese who were later followed by the Spanish. Brought from Africa by way of different routes but in particular, the "Middle Passage" or directly from Africa to the Indies, slaves would travel in ships packed like sardines and under the most horrible conditions. Perhaps the most logical reason to try to explain the boom of slavery in America and anywhere is it was a very profitable business. In the case of America, the first slave trades were done for mere profit but then it became a necessity because of the increasing demand for working hands in the ...

Should Children Be Allowed To Testify In Court? Essay -- Children Cour

Should Children Be Allowed To Testify In Court?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the past ten years, more research has been done involving children's testimony than that of all the prior decades combined. Ceci & Bruck (93) have cited four reasons for this : - The opinion of psychology experts is increasingly being accepted by courts as testimony, - Social research is more commonly being applied to the issues of children's rights, - More research into adult suggestibility in accordance with reason naturally leads to more research into child suggestibility, - Children are more commonly being used as witnesses in cases where they are directly involved (i.e. sexual abuses cases), requiring the development of better ways for dealing with them as special cases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some psychologists deem children to be â€Å"Highly resistant to suggestion, as unlikely to lie, and as reliable as adult witnesses about acts perpetrated on their bodies† (Ceci & Bruck 1993). However, children are also described as â€Å" Having difficulty distinguishing reality from fantasy, as being susceptible to coaching by powerful authority figures, and therefore as being potentially less reliable than adults† (Ceci & Bruck 1993). The suggestibility of child witnesses, the effects of participation on children's reports, and the effects of postevent information on a prior memory representation must be taken into account when it comes to seeking answers to the reliability of their testimony, especially because sexual abuse and sexual assault cases are a big part of children's testimony and they are often the only witness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Those psychologists who feel that children can be rated as â€Å"Highly resistant to suggestion....† etc. seem to have a good argument, whereas those who take the opposite view also seem to have just as valid an argument. Which psychologists are right? Maybe both. It seems that without outside influences, social encounters, or other interference's, children's testimony has the potential to be quite valid. This is under ideal situations, however, which unfortunately rarely occur.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the major problems when assessing the validity of child witnesses is the suggestibility of the child. Ceci & Bruck (1993) define suggestibility as â€Å"The degree to which children's encoding, storage, retrieval, and reporting of events can be influenced by a range of social an... ...t that no children should be allowed to testify on account of the malleability of their recollection. However, children can play a vital role in the legal system, and indeed there are many cases in which a child is the only witness to a crime, but until the time that sufficient research has been done to achieve a system of questioning that will eliminate the suggestibility and social aspects of a child's testimony, all such testimonies should be treated with caution. Works Cited:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bernstein, D. A., Roy, E. J., Srull, T. K., Wickens, C. D. (1994) Psychology, 3rd edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, MA.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ceci, S & Bruck, M. (1993). Suggestibility of the Child Witness: A Historical Review and Synthesis, Psychological Bulletin. 113, 403 - 439   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lefrancois, G. R. (1992). Psychology, 2nd edition. Wadsworth Publishing Company. California.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Luus, C. A. E., Wells, G. L., & Turtle, J. W. (1995). Child eyewitnesses: Seeing is believing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 317 - 326   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rovee-Collier, C. et al. (1993). Infants Eyewitness Testimony: Effects of Postevent Information on a Prior Memory Representaion, Memory and Cognition, 21, 267 - 279

Calculation and Report of Wacc of Microsoft

Bonds Microsoft’s long-term debt is composed of eight long-term bonds. It also has two short-term bonds that mature this year and early next year. These bonds were neglected in this report. In this report the required return was calculated by using the coupon rates, market values, time until maturity, and tax rate. These values were all found on Microsoft’s 2012 financial statement. The weighted average cost of debt was then found through the multiplication of each bond’s required return and their corresponding bond weights.These bond weights were found through the multiplication of the quantity of bonds at each interest rate and the market value of each bond; this calculated value was then divided by the total amount of long-term debt, which gives the weights as a percent of the total debt. Microsoft’s total debt was calculated to be lkasdfjl;kasjdf, and the after-tax cost of debt was calculated to be asdfkl;safd. These are logical calculations, since the majority of Microsoft’s bonds do, in fact, have interest rates around 4%.Note, the interest on Microsoft’s bonds is incurred on a semi-annual basis and was calculated in this report on the same basis. Therefore, the semi-annual cost of debt would be half this value: 2%. Some other notes to consider in bond calculations are given below: Do we have any other notes to consider guys? Feel free to message me, and I’ll add them, or add them yourselves if you think there is anything else to include.

Motivation Letter Essay

Economics, as a field, had always fascinated me right from my school days. As I grew up, I gradually came to appreciate the importance of economics in the modern world. In the university, I was fortunate to have been exposed to many interesting and challenging fields. However, I ultimately chose to major in Accounting, which provides me with fundamental knowledge of many economic-related theories and concepts, as well as familiarity with statistics and data analysis. I also learned the basic tenets of Economics in courses such as Finance, Management, Accounting and Public Finance. Subsequently I enhanced it with CMA Certificate courses right after graduation in 2006 These courses revealed to me the importance of the economic sector in the society, besides that I realized that Economic and Finance professionals have the privileged opportunity of managing assets and analyzing risks to ensure the future success of a company or organization. In 2010 and after having three years experience as Customer Service and Letters of Credits and Guarantees Officer, Business Development Officer at Bank Audi, and One year as Senior Account Officer / Corporate Business Development at Bank of Jordan, I realized the importance of finance and investment, giving the fact that the main decision of any enterprise is where to invest money and how to evaluate investment opportunities. Therefore, I decided to pursue postgraduate studies in investment and finance that would ideally complement my academic knowledge and experience, but unfortunately the current sad situation in my country freezes all my academic chances. So I’m looking to be a part of a respectful program and an opportunity to meet people and economists in one of the world most developed nations. In 5 years, I see myself leading an investment and financial section where I am involved building fruitful international business relations, designing structured financial products and managing well-diversified and effective portfolios by incorporating cutting edge methodologies and sophisticated tools that offer a valuable investment opportunity to the potential investor. Throughout this course I will leverage my existing skills with the knowledge of finance and economics that will help me to achieve my medium-term career goals to manage capital, create portfolios, perform mergers and acquisitions, and ensure future economic stability for corporations, as well as helping financial services industry to make the right financial decisions that will lead to economic stability and high returns. In the long-term, such knowledge, skills and experience will help me assist the Syrian market in designing, implementing and monitoring financial policies, planning and executing the financing initiatives, and interfacing with the financial community and investors.

English Oral – Shark Cullings

Shark Culling Each year in Australia, the number of deaths from shark attacks ranges between zero to three deaths. To put this into perspective, more people around the world are killed as a result of falling coconuts or vending machines. Following a small rise in the number of shark attacks In Western Australia over the past two years, the Western Australian Government has legalized the culling of all sharks over three meters long caught on baited drum lines, In an attempt to reduce the risk of fatal shark attacks.The decision has sparked mixed reactions from the public, with a scarce amount purporting the Government's decision. Those who agree feel that the culling will make swimming at the beach a safer, more relaxing experience. On the other hand, those who disagree argue that the Government has made a quick decision without doing their research. They say that we will never completely prevent shark attacks and there are other ways to prevent shark attacks without going on a  "killing spree†. The first image presents a rather horrifying image of a dead shark covered in blood, with it's jaws open showing all of it's teeth.A man is kneeling down beside the shark with one arm appearing to be resting on the shark. The shark is a lot bigger than the man in the photo, this is magnified even more by the man kneeling down. The photographer is positioning the viewer to see the shark as a big, scary monster, and the man to be a hero for killing it†¦ As though killing a shark is something to be proud of. The second photo presents a beautiful scene of healthy green beach shrubbery, with the sand, beach and waves in the background as the water is populated by numerous surfers enjoying the morning waves.Hard to Ignore, however, is the warning sign In the foreground of the Image warning beach-goers of a shark sighting. It could be said that these surfers are Just plain stupid, but it could also be said that they know how small the risk of being attacked by a shark Is, especially when In a group of surfers close to shore. The mall figure In the photo Is the warning sign. It draws viewers attention to the risk that the surfers are taking and the viewer's focal point shifts from the sign to the surfers In confusion. The photographer has positioned the warning sign to be the largest, most obvious WARNING' to all people not to enter the water.However, by the photographer capturing the surfers in the background, viewers are bled to see that the surfers have ‘looked past' the apparently big warning and that the surfers don't see the sharks as big scary monsters to be afraid of. The photographer made the sharks appear to be a minor issue as opposed to an issue that makes the public so fearful of sharks that they're too afraid to enter the water. The third image is perhaps the most powerful image. It presents a photo of a human swimming or diving deep in the ocean, right next to a big shark. The shark looks big, but not in a scary wayâ₠¬ ¦ In quite a majestic and beautiful way.The photographer is positioning viewers to see that the shark is a beautiful creature f the ocean that means no harm to humans. The photographer has captured the blue ocean water in the photo which makes people feel calm and relaxed. This allows viewers to see the diver as relaxed and at ease, and also to see the shark as gentle and calm. In this image viewers are able to see how large the shark is in comparison to the human. Usually people are scared of things larger and greater in size than them, but in this case the person doesn't appear to be scared of the shark. Can't see teeth. Texture is smooth and not rough and scary. Calming.Majestic Light – glow of the light shining through the water which is beautiful and pretty. CONCLUSION Photographers can manipulate viewers to perceive a particular issue in either a negative or positive way. Quite often when pictures are used with articles or stories, the picture supports the story or ar ticle by the tone in the writing and agrees with what is stated. The shark culling topic has many different opinions, either negative, positive or neutral. The photos or images that accompany articles in the newspapers or magazines help to support what the writer is saying by providing the viewers with a biased approach to the issue.

Analysis of Newspaper Article Essay

Exercising daily is beneficial to a person’s health. While many people exercise for this reason, they are seeking methods to improve endurance and performance. In an attempt to offer durability and better endurance, sports drink manufacturers have started to add protein to their products. â€Å"Sports drinks improve performance during prolonged exercise because of two key ingredients, carbohydrates and sodium (Preidt, 2006). † The carbohydrates provide the fuel and the sodium aids in maintaining fluid balance. While sports drinks may be helpful during exercise, added protein may or may not increase performance. Gatorade and Accelerade sports drink companies sponsored two studies to determine if this is true. One study thinks that adding protein increases performance, the other does not. Type of statistical procedure used Sometimes individuals are aware of the experiment and may not be honest about the results from the test. In this test, experimenters were trying to avoid the placebo effect. The placebo effect is when people improve because they think that they are receiving useful treatment (Bennett, Briggs, & Triola, 2003). To rule out the possibility of the placebo effect, the athletes were told that some of the drinks will contain protein; they were not told which ones. The placebo effect would alter the test and the results would be biased because the athletes would claim performance improvement, thinking that their drinks contained protein. When using a placebo, the athletes must know that the drinks may or may not contain protein. But, they must also know that they will not be able to tell the difference in taste. The placebo appears to be the same but lacks the active ingredient; in this case there was no protein present in some of the drinks. The participants were not aware of which drinks had protein, thus their answers would more likely be real. The studies The studies used 10 trained cyclists to determine if adding protein to sports drinks would increase performance and endurance. In the studies, the cyclists did not know which sports drink they were consuming. In both studies the cyclists were given one of three drinks. They were either given a regular sports drink, one with protein added, or a placebo. This trial was taken on three different occasions. Findings The Canadian study, sponsored by Gatorade, found that adding protein does not improve exercise performance (Preidt, 2006). Martin Gibala was the lead researcher for this study. Of the three sports drinks, the results showed that sports drinks overall did improve performance when compared to the placebo. But, the study also showed that the sports drink with the protein was no more beneficial than the regular one (Preidt, 2006). Gibala states â€Å"our study shows that protein confers no performance benefit during ? real-life’ exercise when athletes consume sufficient amounts of sports drinks. † While the Gatorade study does not believe that protein increases performance, Accelerade’s study states otherwise. Accelerade’s sports drink contains carbohydrates, sodium, and protein. The athletes in their study lost about 2. 5 percent of their body weight through exercise-induced sweating. According to the researchers for this study, Accelerade with protein rehydrated the athletes 15 percent better than those drinking Gatorade and 40 percent better than those drinking plain water (Preidt, 2006). Appropriateness of findings Because the cyclists in the studies were trained and all received the same drinks, I think that the results are inconclusive. Gatorade’s results state that adding protein does not improve performance while Accelerade’s results are not given. Accelerade’s study only states that its sports drinks rehydrate better, but does not address the issue of performance. I think that more research should be done and untrained athletes should be used as well. Because more than just trained athletes consume these beverages, a broader group should be trialed. While the study only addresses those trained cyclists, its results may differ for other athletes. Conclusion When studying the affects of adding protein to sports drinks, one must look at all factors. Factors include age, weight, athleticism, and product consumed. One must also determine if the protein actually increased performance. While Gatorade made a conclusive decision, Accelerade did not. If an athlete was going to make a decision on whether or not to purchase a protein-infused sports drink, he or she would not be able to make a decision based on Accelerade’s research. References: Bennett, J. O. Briggs, W. L. , & Triola, M. F. (2003). Statistical reasoning for everyday life (2nd ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. Preidt, R. Health Day News. (Aug 2006). Studies Divided on Value of Adding Protein to Sports Drinks. Retrieved September 4, 2006 from http://www. medicinenet. com/script/main/art. asp? articlekey=63522.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 30

Assignment Example Hume claimed that in his reflections on the self, he learnt that it is impossible to have a unified impression of self without the particular perceptions. Hume argued that whenever he thinks about the concept of self, what he finds are particular perceptions such as heat or cold, love or hate, or pleasure or pain. Hume argued that these particular perceptions do not exist as a unified entity that can be termed self, Hume says, â€Å" Pain and pleasure, grief and joy, passions and sensations succeed each other, and never all exist at the same time† (Selby-Bigger, 294). For this reason, therefore, Hume concluded self is an illusion, and that what we call self is a bundle of sensations. Unlike Hume, however, Immanuel Kant held that self is a reality and that we are able to know the self. Kant’s conception of the self is also an offshoot of his Epistemology. In his theory of knowledge, Immanuel Kant taught that there are two sources of human knowledge, which are sensibility and understanding. According to Immanuel Kant, sensibility gives us objects, while the understanding thinks and reasons about the given objects. For Kant, therefore, it is possible for us to have knowledge of things which have no direct impressions. Kant, therefore, argued that by looking for the self in sense impressions, Hume was looking for the self in the wrong place. For Kant, the self is the entity that unifies human experiences, thus enabling human mind to synthesis sense perceptions. For Kant, the self is what Rene Descartes had termed as the thinking I. By arguing that existence precedes essence, Sartre meant that human beings are born indeterminate, or without their essence, and that it is human beings themselves who make up their essence. According to Sartre, human beings are not determined, before they are born, what they will be in life. For this reason, therefore, Sartre viewed human beings as existing first before they determine their essence of what they will be in life.

English American Wedding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English American Wedding - Essay Example Devine replied with a smile. She said, "It used to be one to two months, but nowadays people are getting busier. They usually go for a two-week honeymoon, three weeks at the most. The couple cannot leave their jobs too long and have to get back to work immediately." With a slight doubt, the grey-colored eye Devine guesses, "I think that traditionally, the man would go down on his knees and propose to the woman he loved with a diamond ring. But time changes although some men still do it. Men start to get more creative in proposing to women." Devine said that wedding reception usually takes place in a hotel or a garden. It serves as a token of gratitude. The couple party with their family and friends. Delicacies and finest foods are served, toasts of wishes for the couple, and a dance. After I laid my final question, the whole class started to get noisier and louder. I was having a lot of fun talking to Devine when Mr. Wonderful stood up in front of the class and told us to stop the discussions. During the reception, the groom and the bride will cut the cake together with a knife and eat it together. The cakes are usually very large and tall stacked in multiple layers. Maybe this shows that Americans love to eat cake and the abundance of the cake represents luck of the couple's marriage that they will always have enough food. Today, the white wedding is considered semi-formal way of uniting ... She greeted me back nicely, "It was nice to talk to you, Dian." It was a great way for me in learning the American wedding culture from my partner, Devine. I thought she was cheerful and friendly. If she will be marrying in the future, I hope she will have a great wedding ceremony. Commentary The term "white wedding" refers to the theme and the color of the wedding dress. The color white symbolizes purity of the heart and the innocence of childhood. According to White also signifies virginity. Maybe the "white wedding" theme has some connection with Christianity. During the reception, the groom and the bride will cut the cake together with a knife and eat it together. The cakes are usually very large and tall stacked in multiple layers. Maybe this shows that Americans love to eat cake and the abundance of the cake represents luck of the couple's marriage that they will always have enough food. The white wedding was first performed by Queen Victoria who wore a white lace dress at her wedding. It is popular today that maybe it shows how Americans are fond of the royal life. Today, the white wedding is considered semi-formal way of uniting a couple. Even so I think that this wedding ceremony is simple. Maybe this has to do with the busy life of American people. Their jobs who keep them busy drive American couples to have a simple and uncomplicated wedding ceremony like the white wedding. Almost a decade had passed; the American wedding traditions have become a lot more liberal. Also, American wedding ceremonies vary according to religion and culture. There are no strict guidelines in celebrating wedding. Narration I am fifteen minutes late when I arrived at my good friend's wedding ceremony held in a Catholic

Rawl's and Chamberlain argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rawl's and Chamberlain argument - Essay Example 1) Explain Rawls's argument for the difference principle from the original position The differences in the political philosophies of John Rawls and Robert Nozick mostly relate to variance in their initial assumptions and system of argument. According to the different principle, it allows inequalities in the distribution of goods subject to those inequalities stand to the advantage of the worst-off members of the society. He is convinced about the rationality of this principle and tenders the following reasons for his stand: The right of each citizen on the total goods available with the society is equal. This goes to prove that he must have equal share in the material wealth of the society. What is the justification for unequal distribution? His argument is simple and straightforward. If the distribution system works to the advantage of the worst-off section of the society, that arrangement is fair enough. Rawls explains his strategy of setting up the original position through risk-m inimisation. Elaborating this Dr. Jan Garrette argues, â€Å"The Difference Principle has elements of other familiar ethical theories. The "socialist" idea (see Distributive Justice) that responsibilities or burdens should be distributed according to ability and benefits according to need is partly contained within the Difference Principle. We may reasonably assume that the "least advantaged" have the greatest needs and that those who receive special powers (hinted at under "social inequalities") also have special responsibilities or burdens. However, the merit principle that the use of special skills should be rewarded is also included in the Difference Principle.†(www.wku.edu/)Does this stand to reasoning? With the acceptance of the different principle, one visualises a situation where all suffer, in varied degrees except the one at the top. Risk-minimisation propounded as per the different principle will not hold good in all the situations. It may even lead to ridiculous c onclusions. (2) Explain Nozick's 'Wilt Chamberlain' argument In his book â€Å"Anarchy, State, and Utopia,† Robert Nozick argues, â€Å"Moral philosophy sets the background for, and boundaries of, political philosophy. What persons may and may not do to one another limits what they may do through the apparatus of a state, or do to establish such an apparatus.†(6)Wilt Chamberlin is a popular basketball player and the society adores him so much that 1 million people are ready to give him 25 cents each to watch him play basketball during the course of the entire season, assuming g that he will not entertain any other transactions. On the strength of this example, Nozick develops an argument. He writes, â€Å"Nozick's famous Wilt Chamberlain argument is an attempt to show that patterned principles of just distribution are incompatible with liberty. He asks us to assume that the original distribution in society, D1 is ordered by our choice of patterned principle, for insta nce Rawls's Difference Principle.† (seattlecentral.edu) Through this deal, Wilt will now own $250,000 and overnight he has a big sum as compared to any other member of the society. He further elaborates this example and comes to the conclusion

Guardian ad litem Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Guardian ad litem - Assignment Example In this regard, the GAL must need to consider certain essential factors while investigating a child. A few of the major factors to be considered while asking questions to Cathy have been provided hereunder. Understanding the needs and ensure to defend the child from any type of physical and emotional harm Comprehending the views of the child and her relationship with each parent and/or other people Identifying possible changes on the child while being separated from the parents Considering practical problems of the child in terms of contacting his/her parents Considering and understanding of the child’s personal and psychological characteristics including cognitive and physical behaviors among others. Therefore, it can be affirmed that the aforementioned considerable factors would be more beneficial for both Cathy and the GAL to share along with understand the feelings while asking various types of questions (UC Davis School of Law, â€Å"In the Child’s Best Interest?à ¢â‚¬ ). DISCUSSION OF LEGAL TERMINOLOGIES With reference to the guiding principles that are often represented by the Federal and State Statutes, it can be viewed that certain essential policies ensure to protect and serve paramount interests of the child. A brief discussion about the legal terms or standards determining the best interests of the child i.e. Cathy have been provided hereunder. Ala. Code  § 12-15-101 (LexisNexis through 2012 1st Spec. Sess.). The Federal and/or State Constitution tends to protect the child from different emotional or physical harms and ensures to select appropriate individual amid the parents with whom the child is likely to be stayed (UC Davis School of Law, â€Å"In the Child’s Best Interest?†). In relation to the case scenario, the GAL should highly focus on justifying and understanding the emotional along with the physical characteristics of Cathy and making effective decisions of identifying appropriate parent. Moreover, the provi sions in this legal terminology also ensures the deliverance of fundamental rights and needs incorporating adequate care, food, appropriate medical care facilities, cloths along with other remedial elements of the child. D.C. Code Ann.  § 16-2353 (LexisNexis through 7-18-12). With reference to the sections of the Federal and State Statutes, the court is authorized to protect the child through applying standards concerning the rights and responsibilities of the parents. Moreover, the section also tends to ensure extent feasibility of the child’s opinions regarding his/her own personal interests (UC Davis School of Law, â€Å"In the Child’s Best Interest?†). Therefore, it can be stated that the primary roles of the parents generally include adequate care and welfare of the child along with proper arrangement of shared responsibilities to nourish the child as per her basic needs. Moreover, maintaining effective cooperation amid the parents has also been identifie d to ensure serving best interests of the child. Fla. Stat. Ann.  § 39.810 (LexisNexis through 2012 Sess.). In order to act with the purpose of serving paramount interests of Cathy, the guiding principles of the Federal and State constitution can also ensure keeping the child in a suitable custody with a relative or any close caregiver (UC Davis School

The Walter Family Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Walter Family - Case Study Example Catherine Walter, a self-proclaimed ‘depressed’ mother. The children are entitled to their basic needs and because there appeared to be a lack of provision in the Walter family, Mrs. Walter may indeed be guilty of neglecting her children. II. Major Issues of the Family The major problem of the family is that it does not have any dependable resources, let alone in the financial aspect. Although the lack of financial resources does not significantly qualify for a type of neglect, the Walter children are left exposed to possible substantial harm from the lack of food and a safe and clean dwelling place with no parent or any form of guardian to attend to their immediate needs. Mr. Walter abandoned his family without providing any essential aid (e.g. insurance) while Mrs. Walter admitted to have depressive symptoms which would give enough reason for the community CPS to take necessary action over the situation. Parental depression can cause a parent to divert her attention aw ay from her children (Jackson et al. 5). III. Needs of the Family The Walter family requires a good provider. ... Generally, the family needs economic and professional help from concerned social workers who could assist them. IV. Action Plan and Intervention Goals It is necessary that the alleged neglect of the Walter children by their mother, Mrs. Catherine Walter be determined properly. The community agency should know whether the treatment or intervention is favorable for the children and Mrs. Walter. Despite the fact that it’s the main duty of the community CPS to reduce the probable risks to a child, separating a child from his/her parent should be its last remaining option because doing so against the will of the family member concerned may have negative psychological effects to them especially when it is not necessary. In the following action plan, the persons directly involved during the treatment will be the Walter children, Mrs. Walter, physicians, pediatricians, social workers, child psychologists, and nutritional professionals who can detect victims of abuse or neglect. Intake /Initial Assessment/Investigation The Child Protective Services Agency must acquire credible evidence to substantiate the report of neglect (Depanfilis). Mrs. Walter should be properly and justifiably evaluated whether she could still provide the physiological and emotional needs of her children or not despite the fact that she admitted to undergoing depressive symptoms for it still unjust to opt for placement without due process of law (25). However, if it is the parent’s own choice to confine her children into a foster home instead, then she is already waiving her right as a responsible mother to her children. This recommended action will also determine whether statutory child protection is the best approach to the Walter family case.

The Level of Audit fees - current issue in Auditing with special Essay

The Level of Audit fees - current issue in Auditing with special emphasis to FTSE 100 Companies in UK - Essay Example In UK, the â€Å"Big Four audit firms namely Ernst & Young , Deloitte & Touche, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) and KPMG are acting as auditors for almost all the FTSE 100 companies and has major lion share of audit fees of about 99% in the FTSE 350. The reason why FTSE companies prefer the Big Four as it offers two major service elements namely high profile audit services together with the insurance coverage against reputational risk and catastrophes. It is to be noted that in UK, the top ten accounting firms are earning an income of above ? 1.5 billion annually as audit fees. (Oxera 2006: i). As per Francis (2006), there is direct correlation between share prices of US companies and the level of non-audit service fees paid to auditors as the shares of those companies, which pay higher NAS (Non Audit Services) have been observed to be poignantly lower. As per Basioudis et al. (2008) research study which was conducted among UK companies in 2003 found that high NAS fees and exorbitant a udit fees badly affect going companies revealing analysis for financially impacted companies in UK. Through UK market data study of 1999-2006, Holland and Lane (2009) found that shareholders are of the opinion that auditor’s independence will be at stake due to high level of both audit and NAS fees. (Beattie, Fearnley and Hines 2009:6). A research study carried over by POB over the NAS fees charged by the Big Four audit forms for the period between 2003 and 2008 reveal that there had been a steep fall in NAS fees from their clients as it came to just 17% in 2008 from that of 25% in 2003. However, the fee income earned for non-audit customers increased to 59% of total income in 2008 from that of 49% of total income in 2003. (Beattie, Fearnley and Hines 2009:7). Deloitte (2009) research... According to the research findings in UK, the level of audit fees is seemed to be higher as there is a high market concentration, especially in the FTSE 100 sector. Through UK market data study of 1999-2006, Holland and Lane found that shareholders are of the opinion that auditor’s independence will be at stake due to high level of both audit and NAS fees. However, the research study carried out by Srinidhi & Gul, Abbott et al. and Carcello et al., the quality of audit is gauged by the quantum of audit fees paid to an auditor of a company. Higher audit engagement effort is reflected by high levels of audit fees and would always result in better audit quality. In case of risk prone companies, the auditor has to incur insurance cost which in turn result in an increase in the audit fees. Further, the level of audit fees might have increased substantially due to changes in the general economic scenarios and due to change in regulations and rules pertaining to audit. Further, the a uditor independence will be at jeopardy if he has been awarded with substantial non-audit work also like consultancy services, accounting services, internal audit, corporate transactions, internal audit, regulatory compliances, merger and acquisitions, advise on restructuring and advise on taxation. It is to be noted that higher audit fees always result in supporting the corporate frauds.Researchers have pointed out that Arthur Andersen have received $27 million for their audit services in addition to $29 million for non-audit services from Enron in 2000.