Chemotherapy and Nail Toxicity

Chemotherapy and Nail ToxicityHyper pigmented turn backs Chemotherapy causing chromonychiaRunning head Chemotherapy and nail toxicityDr Kamal Kant sahu (M.D medicine,)Dr Gaurav Prakash (M.D medicine, DM medical oncology)Dr Pankaj Malhotra (MD medicine)Prof. Subhash Chandar Varma (MD medicine)Word count 787 understand count 4Table-1References count-3Key words Chromonychia leuconychia hyperpigmeted nailsAbstractNail toxicity are among the benign and neglected side effects linked to many chemotherapeutical drugs. Taxanes and anthracyclines are the antineoplastic drug groups most commonly implicated. Nail changes can involve several or all told 20 nails and appear in temporal role relationship with drug intake. Most of the time, toxicity is just a matter of c erstrn due to cosmetic reasons, however very occasionally it may be associated with pain. True incidence of nail changes related to particular drugs are still lacking due to under-reporting and ignorance of potential side-effects among the patients, necessitating the education prior to institution of drugs and appropriate precaution like, avoiding potential irritants and use of topical, or oral antimicrobials, and possibly cessation or dose reduction of the offending agent or use of cryotherapy in many cases may certainly be beneficial.IntroductionChemotherapeutic drugs are associated with variety of nail changes. These nail changes are usually temporarily and use to resolve once chemo toxic drugs are stopped. Common drugs affecting are hydroxyurea, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone, methotrexate and cytarabine. We here report our experience with two patients who developed nail changes during the course of chemotherapy for hematological malignancies courting Report 1A 19-year-old young boy was admitted to the our hospitals hematology ward with the symptoms of fever and lymphadenopathy in cervical and axillary region .Workup including machinate marrow examination, PET CT scan, exci sional biopsy of lymph node were done and diagnosis of T cell rich B lymphoblastic lymphoma STAGE IIIB was made .He received 1st roulette wheel of RCHOP while hospitalized and later on discharged .He received rest of seven RCHOP courses on outdoor basis. Through examination during his outdoor follow up visits revealed thwartwise hyper pigmented bands on the nails (chromonychia). The bands were multiple, transverse, approximately 1-mm broad, spanning the entire nail breadth, dark grey colored, nonblanchable, nonpalpable with smooth overlying nail surface on the nail plates of all fingers and toes with well grip of intervening faintly grey colored bands of nails(Figure 1,2). Unluckily, he relapsed post eight cycles of RCHOP chemotherapy and henceforth started on 2nd line chemotherapy RICE (Rituximab, ifosfamide, cisplatin, etoposide), 1st course of which was give to him uneventfully recently till the time of writing this report.Case Report 2A 55-year- old female presented to hemat ology clinic with complaints of pain abdomen for 6 months with history of significant loss of weight and appetite. Per abdomen examination revealed presence of abdominal lump with dimensions of 18 cm x 15 cm with no hepatosplenomegaly.Tru-cut biopsy of lump was done .Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry confirmed high grade, B cell type non-Hodgkins lymphoma. She was further investigated and found to have stage IVB disease .Due to monetary issues she was given CVP regimen (cyclophosphamide,doxorubicin,vincristine),however she relapsed following 3 courses by the time of writing this report. During her outdoor visits, she was found to have diffuse, black pigmentation with longitudinal striae in the nails of digits of both detention (figure 3, 4) and feet.DiscussionAmongst the innumerable side effects that chemotherapeutic drugs have, mucocutaneous one are the most worrisome for the patients probably due to cosmetic reasons. Different patterns of nail discoloration l ike chromonychia, leukonychia (including Mees and Muehrckes lines), Beaus lines, paronychia and onycholysis have been well documented(1). Drugs commonly implicated are vincristine, hydroxyurea, etoposide, daunorubicin, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate (1, 2).The most frequent variety of chromonychia is melanonychia which is best defined as a dark pigmentation of nails observed as diffuse, transverse, or longitudinal band patterns(2).Some more common and classic nail toxities have been summarized in table 1 with their description of morphology and pathophysiology of origin.Effect of cyclophosphamide on nails ranges from diffuse, black pigmentation to dark longitudinal striae , and diffuse, dark gray pigmentation located proximally, with overlying transverse, black bands(2). Doxorubicin produces commonly transverse, dark brownness bands alternating with white stripes and dark brown diffuse pigmentation bands 45 mm wide, which affect two-thir ds of the distal portion of the nail(3). Hydroxyurea produces pigmentation that has a diffuse, dark brown color which may appear as single or double transverse bands. Our patient received all of the above mentioned drugs during his due course of unhealthinessTable1. Definitions of some common nail toxities and probable pathophysiology of origin (1, 2)ConclusionNail changes although seems to be common following chemotherapy, however goes unnoticed and underlooked in the lights of more important burning issues of chemotherapy both by physician and patient and hence true incidence of nail related changes is much more than reported especially in dark colored individuals like our patient and hence requires keen observation during follow up of these patients.References1.Hinds G, Thomas VD. Malignancy and cancer treatment-related hair and nail changes. dermatologic clinics. 200826(1)59-68, viii..2.Dasanu CA, Vaillant JG, Alexandrescu DT. Distinct patterns of chromonychia, Beaus lines, an d melanoderma seen with vincristine, adriamycin, dexamethasone therapy for multiple myeloma. Dermatology online journal. 200612(6)10.3.Gilbar P, Hain A, Peereboom VM. Nail toxicity induced by cancer chemotherapy. Journal of oncology pharmacy practice official publication of the International federation of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners. 200915(3)143-55.LEGEND OF FIGURESFigure1.Multiple hyper pigmented, transverse bands, approximately 1-mm broad, spanning the entire nail breadth, dark grey colored, nonblanchable, nonpalpable with smooth overlying nail surface on the nail plates of all fingers and toes with well appreciation of intervening faintly grey colored bands of nails.Figure2.Close up image of bilateral nails with clear depiction of hyper pigmented bands.Figure3. Multiple hyper pigmented, longitudinal striae noted in bilateral nails of fingers.Figure4. Hyper pigmented longitudinal bands predominant in distal aspect of nails